The study on functioning of Health & Family Welfare Societies was proposed by Sector Investment Programme Office (SIPO), Directorate General of Health Services, Govt. of Haryana, Panchkula to National Institute of Health & Family Welfare in January 2007 with the objective to study the major activities undertaken by the District Health & Family Welfare Societies and SKS at facility levels under health sector reforms in the State. In all, 4 Districts, 4 CHCs, 8 PHCs, 16 Sub-centres, 32 Villages, 64 FGDs and 643 patients from various health facilities were visited and evaluation conducted as per objectives of the study given by SIPO

The commonest female factor in our study was endocrinological factor 39 (52.0%) followed by infective pathology 38 (50.6%), anatomical 30 (40.0%) and immunological 30 (12.0%) factor. All patients had normal karyotype. Although tubal factor is not a direct cause of RPL, it signifies previous infections or may occur due to previous interventions. The commonest factor associated with male partners of RPL group was infection 23 (30.6%) followed by anatomical 3 (4%), genetic 1 (1.3%) and immunological 1 (1.3%) factors.

The adverse effects of cryptorchidism on spermatogenesis and the increase in the oxidative stress parameters was established in rats made cryptorchid for 1, 6, 7 , 15 and 30 days. Following the non-invasive method of cryptorchidism the severity of the affect was seen more pronounced only after 30 days of cryptorchidism. Therefore, the intervention strategies were initiated in after 30 days of cryptorchidism. Lipid peroxidation in the testicular tissue was seen significantly altered after 15 and 30 days of cryptorchidism. However, with exogenous interventions of either hCG, vitamin C or vitamin E, the lipid peroxidation in the testicular was observed to be significantly lowered. This was supported by an upward trend in the testicular weight in those groups of animals receiving the interventions alone. No other interventions had demonstrated similar benefits in the reduction of lipid peroxidation or increase in testicular weight. The studies are promising, but more in-depth studies and confirmatory trials in a different species of animals are necessary before pre-clinical or clinical trials are initiated with these exogenous treatments.

The present studies have confirmed once again that a progestin and long-acting testosterone combination constitutes the best alternative method of contraception in the male. Progestin DNG, 40 mg/kg b.w + TU 25 mg/kg b.w was found out as the best and most effective combination in terms of contraceptive efficacy. With this dose combination the frequency of drug administration was restricted to only once a month injection for DNG and once every 6 weeks for TU. In mating studies, none of the females mated with treated males produced any offsprings. Withdrawal of treatment after 60 day and 120 days restored complete spermatogenesis and counts and motility of spermatozoa in the epididymis were completely restored. Germ cell apoptosis was more frequent in the seminiferous epithelium of rats receiving the DNG +TU combination treatment compared to vehicle control or other treatment groups. Both drugs are already in use in humans. However, in the combination treatment studies, toxicity parameters during the treatment and withdrawal period revealed insignificant alterations compared to control values. This development has the potential of developing a monthly injectable contraceptive for the male. Attempts are being made to patent the effective dose combination that provided 100% contraceptive effect. Further studies in higher animals are warranted before the combination is put for clinical trials.

General Objective:To increase participation of private practitioners (PPs) under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in urban areas. Specific Objectives for Phase I (Pre intervention):1.To conduct situational analysis regarding involvement of PPs under RNTCP 2.To study the perspectives of stakeholders regarding diagnosis & treatment facilities under RNTCP

General Objective: The overall objective of the study is to ‘design an appropriate communication strategy to reach the un-reached tribal population with health care messages for improving the health status of tribals in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. Specific Objectives: 1. To understand the level of knowledge and perceptions of the tribals about the health care delivery services available to them in their state. 2. To assess the basic communication and other infrastructural facilities available in the study area for carrying out communication/IEC activities for the benefit of the tribals. 3. To list out the major sources of information available to the tribals in their state. 4. To study the most preferred sources of information by the tribals and the reasons thereof. 5. To analyse the existing pattern of percolation of messages among the tribals in the study area. 6. To develop an appropriate communication package to reach the unreached tribal population with health care messages in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh.

General Objective: To identify training needs of NSS volunteers and design a more relevant and meaningful training curriculum for creating community awareness on population stabilization in the country. Specific Objectives: 1. To identify knowledge & skills of NSS volunteers regarding population stabilization in the country 2. To design training curriculum in the area of population stabilization

To study the determinants and major barriers of contraceptive usages in men and to suggest an intervention package which will enhance contraceptive acceptance in men.

To study the antioxidative effects of melatonin in rats to counter damage induced by lipid peroxidation during pregnancy and post delivery

To study the functioning of Health Worker Female and Male and list the bottlenecks and constraints limiting their performance as well as strength points in their functioning in the states of Bihar, UP, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal and Chattisgarh.